Advanced pranayama methods are discussed here. Once the nadis have been cleansed, the doshas (humours) have been balanced and expelled, and the internal and exterior kumbhakas have been perfected, they may be used.
The kumbhakas have grown very long at this time, and they are used to perform sophisticated yogic meditation methods combining chakra visualization and mantra.
Not to attempt a comprehensive explanation of these advanced pranayamas in mere words, a short summary is provided instead as an indication of the direction in which pranayama will evolve if practiced for a long period:
You may also want to read more about Pranayama and Holistic Healing here.